Kuwa soo socda waa hordhac hababka tijaabada:
1. La socodka tignoolajiyada wasakhowga aan noolaha ahayn
Baaritaanka wasakhowga biyaha wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Hg, Cd, cyanide, phenol, Cr6+, iwm, badankoodana waxaa lagu cabiraa spectrophotometry. Maaddaama shaqada ilaalinta deegaanku ay sii qotonto oo adeegyada la socodka ay sii fidayaan, dareenka iyo saxnaanta hababka falanqaynta spectrophotometric ma buuxin karto shuruudaha maaraynta deegaanka. Sidaa darteed, qalabyo iyo habab falanqayn oo kala duwan oo horumarsan oo aad xasaasi u ah ayaa si degdeg ah loo sameeyay.
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1.Atomic nuugista iyo hababka fluorescence atomiga
Nuugista atomiga ololka, nuugista atomiga hydride, iyo nuugista atamka foornada graphite ayaa si isdaba joog ah loo sameeyay, waxayna go'aamin kartaa inta badan walxaha birta ah ee ultra-trace ee biyaha.
Qalabka florescence-ka atomiga ah ee laga sameeyay dalkayga wuxuu isku mar cabbiri karaa isku-dhisyada siddeed walxood, As, Sb, Bi, Ge, Sn, Se, Te, iyo Pb, biyaha ku jira. Falanqaynta walxahan u nugul hydride waxay leedahay dareen sare iyo saxnaanta faragelinta matrix hoose.
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2. Balaasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
Muuqaalka qiiqa sii daaya Plasma ayaa si degdeg ah u horumaray sannadihii la soo dhaafay waxaana loo adeegsaday go'aaminta isku mar ee qaybaha matrixka ee biyaha nadiifka ah, biraha iyo substrates ee biyaha wasakhda ah, iyo xubno badan oo muunado noole ah. Dareenkeeda iyo saxnaanteeda ayaa qiyaas ahaan u dhiganta habka nuugista atomiga ololka, aadna waa u hufan. Hal irbad ayaa qiyaasi karta 10 ilaa 30 curiye isku mar.
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3. Balaasma emission spectrometry mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Habka ICP-MS waa habka falanqaynta spectrometry mass iyadoo la isticmaalayo ICP sida isha ionization. Dareenkeedu waa 2 ilaa 3 amar oo ka sarreeya habka ICP-AES. Gaar ahaan marka la cabbirayo curiyeyaasha leh nambar tiro ka sarreeya 100, dareenkoodu wuu ka sarreeyaa xadka ogaanshaha. Hoose Japan waxay liis garaysay habka ICP-MS sida habka falanqaynta caadiga ah ee go'aaminta Cr6+, Cu, Pb, iyo Cd biyaha. ?
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4. Ion chromatography
Ion chromatography waa tignoolajiyad cusub oo lagu kala saaro laguna cabbiro anions iyo cations biyaha ku jira. Habka ayaa leh xulasho wanaagsan iyo dareen. Qaybo badan ayaa isku mar lagu qiyaasi karaa hal doorasho. Qalabka korantada iyo tiirka kala soocida anion ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo go'aamiyo F-, Cl-, Br-, SO32-, SO42-, H2PO4-, NO3-; tiirka kala soocida cation waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu go'aamiyo NH4+, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, iwm.
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5. Spectropphotometry iyo farsamada falanqaynta duritaanka socodka
Daraasadda falcelinta chromogenic aadka u xasaasiga ah iyo aadka loo xushay ee go'aaminta spectrophotometric ee ion birta iyo ion birta aan ahayn ayaa wali soo jiidata dareenka. Spectrophotometry waxay ku haysaa qayb wayn la socodka joogtada ah. Waxaa xusid mudan in la isku daro hababkan tignoolajiyada duritaanka qulqulka waxay isku dari kartaa hawlo badan oo kiimiko ah sida distillation, saarista, ku darista reagents kala duwan, horumarinta midabka joogtada ah iyo cabbirka. Waa tignoolajiyada falanqaynta shaybaadhka tooska ah waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa shaybaadhka. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa hababka la socodka tooska ah ee internetka ee tayada biyaha. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka muunad yar, saxnaanta sare, xawaaraha falanqaynta degdega ah, iyo badbaadinta reagents, iwm., kaas oo ka xorayn kara hawl wadeenada shaqada jidhka ee caajiska ah, sida cabbirka NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, F-, CroO42-, Ca2+, iwm tayada biyaha. Tignoolajiyada duritaanka socodka ayaa diyaar ah. Baaraha ma isticmaali karo oo kaliya spectrophotometry, laakiin sidoo kale nuugista atomiga, electrodes xulashada ion, iwm.
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6. Qiimaynta iyo falanqaynta qaabka
Wasakhowga ayaa siyaabo kala duwan uga jira deegaanka biyaha, iyo sunta ay u leeyihiin hab-nololeedyada biyaha iyo aadanaha sidoo kale aad ayey u kala duwan yihiin. Tusaale ahaan, Cr6+ aad ayuu uga sun badan yahay Cr3+, As3+ wuu ka sun badan yahay As5+, HgCl2na wuu ka sun badan yahay HgS. Heerarka tayada biyaha iyo la socodka ayaa qeexaya go'aaminta wadarta meerkuriga iyo meerkuriga alkyl, chromium hexavalent iyo wadarta chromium, Fe3+ iyo Fe2+, NH4+-N, NO2-N iyo NO3-N. Mashaariicda qaar ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya xaaladda la sifeyn karo. iyo wadarta qiyaasta qiyaasta, iwm. In cilmi-baarista deegaanka, si loo fahmo habka wasakhda iyo socdaalka iyo xeerarka isbeddelka, ma aha oo kaliya lagama maarmaan in la barto oo la falanqeeyo valence adsorption state iyo xaaladda adag ee walxaha aan organic, laakiin sidoo kale in la barto oksaydhkooda. iyo hoos u dhigista dhexdhexaadiyaha deegaanka (sida nitrosation ee xeryahooda ay ku jirto nitrogen). , Nitrification ama denitrification, iwm.) iyo methylation bayooloji iyo arrimo kale. Biraha culculus ee u jira qaab dabiici ah, sida rasaasta alkyl, tiin alkyl, iwm., ayaa hadda fiiro gaar ah ka helaya saynisyahannada deegaanka. Gaar ahaan, ka dib markii daasada triphenyl, tin tributyl, iwm. lagu qoray inay yihiin khalkhaliyeyaasha endocrine, la socodka biraha culus ee organic tignoolajiyada ayaa si degdeg ah u koraysa.
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2. Tignoolajiyada la socodka wasakhowga dabiiciga ah
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1. La socodka walxaha dabiiciga ah ee Ogsajiinta cuna
Waxaa jira tilmaameyaal badan oo dhammaystiran oo ka tarjumaya wasakhowga jidhka biyaha ee oksijiinta-cunta walxaha organic, sida index permanganate, CODCR, BOD5 (sidoo kale ay ku jiraan walxaha yareeya walxaha sida sulfide, NH4 + -N, NO2-N iyo NO3-N), wadarta kaarboonka organic organic (TOC), wadarta isticmaalka ogsijiinta (TOD). Tilmaamayaashan waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa si loo xakameeyo saamaynta daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah iyo in la qiimeeyo tayada biyaha dusha sare. Tilmaamayaashani waxay leeyihiin xidhiidh gaar ah midba midka kale, laakiin macnahooda jireed way ka duwan yihiin wayna adagtahay in la is bedelo. Sababtoo ah ka kooban oksijiinta-cunta walxaha dabiiciga ah waxay ku kala duwan tahay tayada biyaha, isku-xidhkaani maaha mid go'an, laakiin aad ayuu u kala duwan yahay. Tignoolajiyada la socodka ee tilmaamayaashani way qaan gaadhay, laakiin dadku wali waxay sahamiyaan tignoolajiyada falanqaynta kuwaas oo noqon kara mid degdeg ah, fudud, wakhti badbaadiya, iyo kharash-ool ah. Tusaale ahaan, mitirka COD ee degdega ah iyo dareeraha microbial mitirka degdega ah ee BOD ayaa durba la isticmaalay.
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2. Tignoolajiyada la socodka qaybta wasakhowga dabiiciga ah
La socodka wasakhowga organic waxay inta badan ka bilaabataa la socodka qaybaha wasakhowga dabiiciga ah. Sababtoo ah qalabku waa sahlan yahay, way fududahay in lagu sameeyo shaybaarada guud. Dhanka kale, haddii dhibaatooyin waaweyn laga helo la socodka qaybta, aqoonsiga iyo falanqaynta dheeraadka ah ee noocyada walxaha dabiiciga ah ayaa la samayn karaa. Tusaale ahaan, marka la kormeero hydrocarbons halogenated halogenated (AOX) oo la ogaado in AOX ay dhaafto heerka caadiga ah, waxaan u sii isticmaali karnaa GC-ECD si aan u baarno xeryahooda hydrocarbon ee halogenated ay wasakheeyaan, sida ay suntu u yihiin, halka wasakhdu ka timaaddo, iwm. Qaybta la socodka wasakhowga dabiiciga ah waxaa ka mid ah: phenols kacsan, nitrobenzene, anilines, saliidaha macdanta, hydrocarbons adsorbable, iwm. Hababka gorfaynta caadiga ah ayaa diyaar u ah mashaariicdan.
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3. Falanqaynta wasakhowga dabiiciga ah
Falanqaynta wasakhaynta dabiiciga ah waxaa loo qaybin karaa VOCs, S-VOCs falanqaynta iyo falanqaynta xeryahooda gaarka ah. Habka jeexjeexa iyo dabinka GC-MS waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabbiro xeryahooda organic kacsan (VOCs), iyo soo saarista dareeraha-dareere ah ama miro-adag-wejiga yar GC-MS ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabbiro xeryahooda organic semi- kacsan (S-VOCs), kaas oo waa falanqayn ballaadhan. Isticmaal chromatography gaaska si aad u kala soocdo, adeegso qalabka ionization flame (FID), qalabka korantada ee qabashada (ECD), baaraha fosfooraska nitrogen (NPD), qalabka sawir qaadista (PID), iwm. si loo go'aamiyo wasakhowga dabiiciga ah ee kala duwan; isticmaal nooca dareeraha ah ee Chromatography (HPLC), ultraviolet detector (UV) ama fluorescence detector (RF) si loo go'aamiyo hydrocarbons caraf udgoon polycyclic, ketones, esters acid, phenols, iwm.
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4. Kormeer toos ah iyo wadarta tignoolajiyada la socodka qiiqa
Nidaamyada kormeerka tayada tooska ah ee tayada biyaha deegaanka ayaa inta badan ah walxaha la socodka caadiga ah, sida heerkulka biyaha, midabka, feejignaanta, oksijiinta kala diri, pH, conductivity, index permanganate, CODCr, nitrogen total, fosfooraska guud, nitrogen ammonia, iwm. Nidaamyada ilaalinta tayada qaar ka mid ah qaybaha tayada biyaha ee qaranka ee muhiimka ah iyo daabacaadda warbixinnada tayada biyaha toddobaadlaha ah ee warbaahinta, taas oo muhiimad weyn u leh horumarinta tayada biyaha.
Inta lagu jiro muddada "Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee Sagaalaad" iyo "Qorshaha Shanta Sano ee Tobnaad", dalkaygu wuxuu xakameyn doonaa oo yarayn doonaa wadarta qiiqa CODCr, saliidda macdanta, cyanide, meerkuri, cadmium, arsenic, chromium (VI), iyo rasaas, waxaana laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan inay ku aflaxaan dhowr qorshe oo shan sano ah. Keliya in la sameeyo dadaal weyn si loo yareeyo wadarta guud ee dheecaanka ka hooseeya awoodda deegaanka biyaha waxaan aasaas ahaan wanaajin karnaa deegaanka biyaha oo aan gaarsiin karnaa xaalad wanaagsan. Sidaa darteed, shirkadaha waaweyn ee wasakhaysan ayaa looga baahan yahay inay dhisaan goobo bullaacad ah oo heersare ah iyo marinnada cabbiraadda wasakhda, rakibidda mitirka qulqulka bulaacada iyo aaladaha kormeerka joogtada ah ee khadka tooska ah sida CODCR, ammonia, saliidda macdanta, iyo pH si loo gaaro kormeerka waqtiga-dhabta ah ee socodka bulaacada ganacsiga iyo fiirsashada wasakhaysan. oo xaqiiji tirada guud ee wasakhowga la saaray.
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5 La socoshada degdega ah ee wasakhowga biyaha
Kumanaan shilal wasakh ah oo waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar ayaa sannad walba dhaca, kuwaas oo aan waxyeello u geysanayn deegaanka iyo nidaamka deegaanka, balse sidoo kale khatar ku ah nolosha iyo hantida dadka iyo xasilloonida bulshada (sida kor ku xusan). Hababka lagu ogaado degdega ah ee shilalka wasakhda waxaa ka mid ah:
①Qaabka qalabka degdega ah ee la qaadi karo: sida ogsijiinta kala diri, mitirka pH, chromatograph gaaska la qaadi karo, mitirka FTIR la qaadan karo, iwm.
② Tuubada ogaanshaha degdega ah iyo habka waraaqaha lagu ogaanayo: sida tuubada ogaanshaha H2S (warqad tijaabo ah), CODCr tube ogaanshaha degdega ah, tuubada ogaanshaha biraha culus, iwm.
③Shaybaar goob-joog ah oo lafo-gurraad, iwm.
Waqtiga boostada: Jan-11-2024
