51. Maxay yihiin tilmaamayaasha kala duwan ee ka tarjumaya sunta iyo walxaha organic ee biyaha ku jira?
Marka laga reebo tiro yar oo sun ah iyo xeryahooda dabiiciga ah ee waxyeellada leh ee ku jira bulaacada caadiga ah (sida phenols kacsan, iwm.), intooda badan way adagtahay in la baabi'iyo oo aad bay khatar ugu yihiin jidhka bini'aadamka, sida batroolka, surfactants anionic (LAS). organic Chlorine iyo organophosphorus sunta cayayaanka, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydrocarbons udugga polycyclic (PAHs), polymers synthetic sare-molecular (sida balaastikada, caag synthetic, fiilooyinka macmal, iwm), shidaalka iyo walxaha kale ee organic.
Heerka dheecaanka dhammaystiran ee qaranka GB 8978-1996 wuxuu leeyahay xeerar adag oo ku saabsan uruurinta wasakhda oo ay ku jiraan walxaha sunta ah ee kor ku xusan iyo kuwa waxyeellada leh ee ay sii daayaan warshado kala duwan. Tilmaamayaasha tayada biyaha ee gaarka ah waxaa ka mid ah benzo (a) pyrene, petroleum, phenols kacsan, iyo organophosphorus sunta cayayaanka lagu xisaabiyo ( lagu xisaabiyo P), tetrachloromethane, tetrachlorethylene, benzene, toluene, m-cresol iyo 36 shay oo kale. Warshado kala duwan ayaa leh tilmaameyaal dareere biyaha wasakh ah oo kala duwan kuwaas oo u baahan in la xakameeyo. Haddii tilmaamayaasha tayada biyuhu ay buuxinayaan halbeegyada dheecaanka qaranka waa in lala socdaa iyadoo lagu salaynayo qaabka gaarka ah ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee ay soo saarto warshad kasta.
52.Immisa nooc oo xeryahooda phenolic ah ayaa ku jira biyaha?
Phenol waa hydroxyl ka soo jeeda benzene, iyada oo kooxdeeda hydroxyl ay si toos ah ugu dheggan yihiin giraanta benzene. Marka loo eego tirada kooxaha hydroxyl ee ku jira giraanta benzene, waxaa loo qaybin karaa phenols unug ah (sida phenol) iyo polyphenols. Marka loo eego haddii ay ku degi karto uumiga biyaha, waxa loo qaybiyaa phenol kacsan iyo phenol aan kacsanayn. Sidaa darteed, phenols kaliya maaha inay tixraacaan phenol, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa ku jira magaca guud ee phenolates oo lagu beddelay hydroxyl, halogen, nitro, carboxyl, iwm. ee ortho, meta iyo boosaska para.
Iskudhisyada phenolic waxay tixraacaan benzene iyo giraanta isku dhafan ee hydroxyl devatives. Waxaa jira noocyo badan. Waxaa guud ahaan loo arkaa in kuwa leh barta karkarinta ee ka hooseysa 230oC ay yihiin phenols kacsan, halka kuwa leh barta karkarinta ee ka sareysa 230oC ay yihiin phenols aan kacsanayn. phenols-ka kacsan ee heerarka tayada biyaha waxa ay tixraacaan xeryahooda phenolic kuwaas oo si wada jir ah ula badali kara uumiga biyaha inta lagu jiro kala-baxa.
53. Waa maxay hababka caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo cabbiraadda phenol-ka kacsan?
Maaddaama phenols-ka kacsan ay yihiin nooc ka mid ah isku-dhafka halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen hal unug, xitaa haddii phenol loo isticmaalo heerka caadiga ah, natiijadu way ka duwanaan doontaa haddii hababka falanqaynta kala duwan la isticmaalo. Si natiijadu isu barbardhigto waa in habka midaysan ee waddanku cayimay la isticmaalo. Hababka cabbiraadda caadiga ah ee loo isticmaalo phenol kacsan waa 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry ee ku qeexan GB 7490-87 iyo awoodda bromination ee lagu qeexay GB 7491-87. Sharciga.
4-Aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric Habka ayaa leh arrimo faragelin yar iyo dareen sare, waxayna ku habboon tahay cabbiraadda shaybaarada biyaha nadiifka ah oo leh phenol kacsan.<5mg>Habka mugga bromination waa mid fudud oo sahlan in lagu shaqeeyo, wuxuuna ku habboon yahay in la go'aamiyo qadarka phenols-ka kacsan ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha> 10 mg / L ama dheecaan ka yimaada dhirta daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee warshadaha. Mabda'a aasaasiga ah waa in xalka bromine-ka xad-dhaafka ah, phenol iyo bromine ay abuuraan tribromophenol, oo ay sii abuuraan bromotribromophenol. Bromiinka soo haray ayaa markaa la falgala potassium iodide si uu u sii daayo iodine bilaash ah, halka bromotribromophenol ay la falgasho potassium iodide si ay u sameyso tribromophenol iyo iodine bilaash ah. Iodine-ka bilaashka ah ayaa markaa lagu titrate sodium thiosulfate, iyo waxa ku jira phenol ee kacsan marka la eego phenol waxaa lagu xisaabin karaa iyada oo ku saleysan isticmaalkeeda.
54. Waa maxay taxaddarrada lagu cabbirayo phenol kacsan?
Tan iyo markii oksijiinta kala diri iyo oksaydhiyeyaasha kale iyo microorganisms ay oxidize karaan ama dumin karaan xeryahooda phenolic, samaynta xeryahooda phenolic ee biyaha mid aad u deggan, habka lagu daro acid (H3PO4) iyo hoos u heerkulka waxaa sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalaa in la joojiyo ficilka bakteeriyada, iyo ku filan. qaddarka sulfuric acid ayaa lagu daray. Habka birta ah ayaa meesha ka saaraya saameynta oksidayaasha. Xitaa haddii tallaabooyinka kor ku xusan la qaado, shaybaarka biyaha waa in la falanqeeyaa oo lagu tijaabiyaa 24 saacadood gudahood, saamiga biyahana waa in lagu kaydiyaa dhalooyin quraarad ah halkii lagu kaydin lahaa caagadaha.
Iyadoo aan loo eegin habka mugga bromination ama habka 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometric, marka muunada biyuhu ay ka kooban yihiin oxidizing ama yaraynta walxaha, ions birta, aminyada udgoonka, saliidaha iyo daamurka, iwm, waxay saameyn ku yeelan doontaa saxnaanta cabbirka. faragelinta, tallaabooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah waa in la qaado si meesha looga saaro saameynteeda. Tusaale ahaan, oksaydhiyeyaasha waxaa laga saari karaa iyadoo lagu darayo ferrous sulfate ama sodium arsenite, sulfides waxaa laga saari karaa iyada oo lagu darayo sulfate copper hoos xaaladaha acidic, saliidda iyo daamurka ayaa laga saari karaa iyada oo la soo saarayo iyo kala soocida dareerayaasha organic ee xaaladaha adag ee alkaline. Walxaha yareeya sida sulfate iyo formaldehyde waa la saaraa iyadoo lagu soo saarayo dareerayaasha organic iyadoo la raacayo xaaladaha acidic iyo in laga tago walxaha yareeya biyaha. Marka la falanqeeyo bulaacadaha oo leh qayb go'an, ka dib markii la ururiyo wakhti go'an oo khibrad ah, noocyada walxaha faragelinta ayaa la caddayn karaa, ka dibna noocyada walxaha dhexda ayaa la tirtiri karaa iyadoo la kordhinayo ama la yareynayo, tallaabooyinka falanqaynta ayaa la fududayn karaa inta ugu badan. sida ugu macquulsan.
Hawlgalka distillation waa tallaabo fure u ah go'aaminta phenol kacsan. Si gebi ahaanba loo uumi-baxo phenol-ka kacsan, qiimaha pH ee muunadda la miiray waa in lagu hagaajiyaa ilaa 4 (kala duwanaanshaha midab ee methyl orange). Intaa waxaa dheer, maadaama habka isbeddelka ee phenol-ka kacsan uu yahay mid gaabis ah, mugga distillate-ka la soo ururiyey waa inuu u dhigmaa mugga muunadda asalka ah ee la nadiifiyo, haddii kale natiijooyinka cabbirka ayaa saameyn doona. Haddii distillate-ka la ogaado inuu yahay caddaan iyo turbid, waa in mar kale lagu soo saaro xaaladaha acidic ah. Haddii distillate-ku uu weli cad yahay oo turbid yahay mar labaad, waxay noqon kartaa in ay jiraan saliid iyo daamur muunada biyaha, iyo daaweynta u dhiganta waa in la sameeyaa.
Wadarta cadadka lagu cabbiro iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka mugga bromination waa qiimo qaraabo ah, iyo xaaladaha hawlgalka ee lagu qeexay heerarka qaranka waa in si adag loo raaco, oo ay ku jiraan qadarka dareeraha lagu daray, heerkulka falcelinta iyo waqtiga, iwm. marka waa in si xoog leh loo ruxaa marka loo soo dhawaado barta titration.
55. Maxay yihiin taxaddarrada isticmaalka 4-aminoantipyrine spectrophotometry si loo go'aamiyo phenols-ka kacsan?
Marka la isticmaalayo 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) spectrophotometry, dhammaan hawlgallada waa in lagu sameeyaa daboolka qiiqa, iyo nuugista farsamada ee daboolka qiiqa waa in la isticmaalo si loo baabi'iyo saameynta xun ee benzene sunta ah ee hawlwadeenka. .
Korodhka qiimaha faaruqa reagent waxaa inta badan sabab u ah arrimo ay ka mid yihiin wasakhaynta biyaha la miiray, weelka galaasyada iyo aaladaha kale ee tijaabada, iyo sidoo kale khalkhalka dareeraha soo saarista sababtoo ah heerkulka qolka oo kor u kacay, waxaana inta badan sabab u ah reagent 4-AAP , kaas oo u nugul nuugista qoyaanka, keega iyo oksaydhka. , sidaas darteed tallaabooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah waa in la qaado si loo hubiyo nadiifnimada 4-AAP. Horumarinta midabka falcelinta ayaa si fudud u saameeya qiimaha pH, iyo qiimaha pH ee xalka falcelinta waa in si adag loo xakameeyaa inta u dhaxaysa 9.8 iyo 10.2.
Xalka caadiga ah ee phenol waa mid aan degganayn. Xalka caadiga ah ee ka kooban 1 mg phenol per ml waa in lagu ridaa qaboojiyaha oo lama isticmaali karo in ka badan 30 maalmood. Xalka caadiga ah ee ka kooban 10 μg phenol halkii ml waa in la isticmaalo maalinta diyaarinta. Xalka caadiga ah ee ka kooban 1 μg phenol halkii ml waa in la isticmaalo diyaarinta ka dib. Isticmaal 2 saacadood gudahood.
Hubi inaad ku darto reagents si waafaqsan nidaamka hawlgalka caadiga ah, oo si fiican u rux ka dib marka aad ku darto reagement kasta. Haddii kaydka aan si siman loo ruxin ka dib marka lagu daro, xoojinta ammonia ee xalka tijaabada ayaa noqon doonta mid aan sinnayn, taas oo saameyn doonta falcelinta. Ammonia aan nadiif ahayn waxay ku kordhin kartaa qiimaha maran in ka badan 10 jeer. Haddii ammonia aan la isticmaalin muddo dheer ka dib furitaanka dhalada, waa in la nadiifiyaa ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin.
Midabka cas ee aminoantipyrine ee la soo saaray ayaa xasiloon ilaa 30 daqiiqo xal aqueous ah, wuxuuna xasili karaa 4 saacadood ka dib marka la soo saaro chloroform. Haddii wakhtigu aad u dheer yahay, midabku wuxuu isu beddeli doonaa casaan wuxuuna noqon doonaa huruud. Haddii midabka maran uu aad u madow yahay sababtoo ah wasakhda 4-aminoantipyrine, cabbirka hirarka dhererka 490nm ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo hagaajiyo saxnaanta cabbirka. 4-Marka aminoantibi uu wasakh yahay, waxaa lagu milmi karaa methanol, ka dibna lagu sifeeyaa oo dib loogu celiyaa kaarboon firfircoon si loo sifeeyo.
Waqtiga boostada: Nov-23-2023
